Systems and methods for managing a network

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for managing congestion in a network are disclosed. One method can comprise receiving a service tag at a first node, the service tag representing congestion information of at least a portion of the network. If the first node is a boundary node, the method comprises modifying a downstream data rate based upon the congestion information, and if the first node is not a boundary node, the method comprises transmitting the congestion information to a second node.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/669,742 filed Nov. 6, 2012, herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND

Networks can experience problems due to network constraints such ascongestion. Certain network systems can monitor network conditions, butsuch systems suffer from deficiencies. Deficiencies can include failingto provide end-to-end and/or domain congestion indication in a granularfashion such as per port, per connection, or per class of service. Thisdisclosure addresses such and other shortcomings related to networkmanagement.

SUMMARY

It is to be understood that both the following general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive, as claimed. Methods and systems for managing anetwork are disclosed. The methods and systems described herein, in oneaspect, can manage congestion in a network.

In an aspect, discard eligibility (DE) bits in a service tag (S-Tag) ofone or more data packets can be used to indicate congestion end-to-endor on a domain basis in packet networks. Data packets can compriseEthernet frames. For example, when a downstream node is congested, thedownstream node can define a congestion indicator (e.g., a DE bit) inone or more frames. The one or more frames comprising the congestionindicator can be transmitted to one or more upstream nodes to indicatecongestion. As a further example, the congestion indicator can be a bitvalue such as the DE bit set to a value of “1.” In an aspect, thecongestion indicator can be used to indicate congestion information perport, per connection, or per class of service, or a combination thereof.

In an aspect, methods can comprise receiving a frame with a service tagat a first node. The service tag can represent congestion information ofat least a portion of the network. If the first node is a boundary node,a downstream data rate can be modified based upon the congestioninformation. If the first node is not a boundary node, the congestioninformation can be transmitted to a second node. A boundary node can bea node that initiates or terminates congestion control. For example,boundary nodes can support Ethernet virtual connection terminationpoints, such as, customer premises equipment. As a further example, fora domain defined by edge routers, boundary nodes can comprise theprovider edge (PE) routers.

In another aspect, the methods can comprise determining congestioninformation of at least a portion of a network. User frames with aservice tag can be transmitted to an upstream device of the network toindicate congestion.

In a further aspect, the methods can comprise receiving and addressingan indication of network congestion. The indication can relate to, forexample, a service flow. A service flow can comprise an end-to-endtraffic flow (e.g., from customer premises equipment (CPE) to other CPEor network devices) defined by traffic parameters such as average outputrate, maximum output burst, and the like. As an example, a service flowcan comprise an Ethernet virtual connection between user networkinterfaces (UNI) of a network. As a further example, a service flow cancomprise a group of packets/frames flowing in an Ethernet virtualconnection between UNIs and belong to an application with a definedclass of service. An aggregate service flow can comprise one or moreservice flows.

As such, an effective bandwidth can be determined for the service flow.Further, a downstream data rate associated with the service flow can bemodified based upon the effective bandwidth determined.

Additional advantages will be set forth in part in the description whichfollows or may be learned by practice. The advantages will be realizedand attained by means of the elements and combinations particularlypointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both theforegoing general description and the following detailed description areexemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate embodiments and together with thedescription, serve to explain the principles of the methods and systems:

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an exemplary system and network;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of an exemplary data packet that can betransported by the network;

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an exemplary customer tag;

FIG. 1D is a block diagram of an exemplary service tag;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an exemplary system and network;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary system and network;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary method;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an exemplary method; and

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an exemplary method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the present methods and systems are disclosed and described, itis to be understood that the methods and systems are not limited tospecific methods, specific components, or to particular implementations.It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for thepurpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended tobe limiting.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” oneparticular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When sucha range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the oneparticular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, whenvalues are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent“about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms anotherembodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each ofthe ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, andindependently of the other endpoint.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where itdoes not.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word“comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and“comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intendedto exclude, for example, other components, integers or steps.“Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey anindication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used ina restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes.

Disclosed are components that can be used to perform the disclosedmethods and systems. These and other components are disclosed herein,and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions,groups, etc. of these components are disclosed that while specificreference of various individual and collective combinations andpermutation of these may not be explicitly disclosed, each isspecifically contemplated and described herein, for all methods andsystems. This applies to all aspects of this application including, butnot limited to, steps in disclosed methods. Thus, if there are a varietyof additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each ofthese additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment orcombination of embodiments of the disclosed methods.

The present methods and systems may be understood more readily byreference to the following detailed description of preferred embodimentsand the examples included therein and to the Figures and their previousand following description.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the methods andsystems may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software andhardware aspects. Furthermore, the methods and systems may take the formof a computer program product on a computer-readable storage mediumhaving computer-readable program instructions (e.g., computer software)embodied in the storage medium. More particularly, the present methodsand systems may take the form of web-implemented computer software. Anysuitable computer-readable storage medium may be utilized including harddisks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices.

Embodiments of the methods and systems are described below withreference to block diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods,systems, apparatuses and computer program products. It will beunderstood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchartillustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams andflowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by computerprogram instructions. These computer program instructions may be loadedonto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such thatthe instructions which execute on the computer or other programmabledata processing apparatus create a means for implementing the functionsspecified in the flowchart block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable memory that can direct a computer or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablememory produce an article of manufacture including computer-readableinstructions for implementing the function specified in the flowchartblock or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loadedonto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or otherprogrammable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process suchthat the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmableapparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in theflowchart block or blocks.

Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrationssupport combinations of means for performing the specified functions,combinations of steps for performing the specified functions and programinstruction means for performing the specified functions. It will alsobe understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchartillustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams andflowchart illustrations, can be implemented by special purposehardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions orsteps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computerinstructions.

FIG. 1A illustrates various aspects of an exemplary network in which thepresent methods and systems can operate. The present disclosure isrelevant to systems and methods for managing a network, for example.Those skilled in the art will appreciate that present methods may beused in various types of networks and systems that employ both digitaland analog equipment. The system is described as comprised of elements.An element can be software, hardware, or a combination of software andhardware. One skilled in the art will appreciate that provided herein isa functional description and that the respective functions can beperformed by software, hardware, or a combination of software andhardware.

The system and network can comprise a user device 102 in communicationwith a computing device 104 such as a server or Network Interface Device(NID), for example. The computing device 104 can be disposed locally, orremotely, relative to the user device 102. As an example, the userdevice 102 and the computing device 104 can be in communication via aprivate and/or public network 105 such as the Internet. Other forms ofcommunications can be used such as wired and wireless telecommunicationchannels, for example.

In an aspect, the user device 102 can be an electronic device such as acomputer, a smartphone, a laptop, a tablet, a set top box, a displaydevice, or other device capable of communicating with the computingdevice 104. As an example, the user device 102 can comprise acommunication element 106 for providing an interface to a user tointeract with the user device 102 and/or the computing device 104. Thecommunication element 106 can be any interface for presentinginformation to the user and receiving user feedback such as a webbrowser (e.g., Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,Safari, or the like). Other software, hardware, and/or interfaces can beused to provide communication between the user and one or more of theuser device 102 and the computing device 104. As an example, thecommunication element 106 can request or query various files from alocal source and/or a remote source. As a further example, thecommunication element 106 can transmit data to a local or remote devicesuch as the computing device 104.

In an aspect, the user device 102 can be associated with a useridentifier or device identifier 108. As an example, the deviceidentifier 108 can be any identifier, token, character, string, or thelike, for differentiating one user or user device (e.g., user device102) from another user or user device. In a further aspect, the deviceidentifier 108 can identify a user or user device as belonging to aparticular class of users or user devices. As a further example, thedevice identifier 108 can comprise information relating to the userdevice such as a manufacturer, a model or type of device, a serviceprovider associated with the user device 102, a state of the user device102, a locator, and/or a label or classifier. Other information can berepresented by the device identifier 108.

In an aspect, the device identifier 108 can comprise an address element110 and a service element 112. In an aspect, the address element 110 canbe an internet protocol address, a network address, an Internet address,or the like. As an example, the address element 110 can be relied uponto establish a communication session between the user device 102 and thecomputing device 104 or other devices and/or networks. As a furtherexample, the address element 110 can be used as an identifier or locatorof the user device 102.

In an aspect, the service element 112 can comprise an identification ofa service provider associated with the user device 102 and/or with theclass of user device 102. As an example, the service element 112 cancomprise information relating to, or provided by, a communicationservice provider that is providing or enabling communication services tothe user device 102. Services can be data services such as internetaccess, financial data transfers, or various file transfer, voice,and/or video services, or a combination thereof. As a further example,the service element 112 can comprise information relating to a preferredservice provider for one or more particular services relating to theuser device 102. In an aspect, the address element 110 can be used toidentify or retrieve the service element 112, or vise versa. As afurther example, one or more of the address element 110 and the serviceelement 112 can be stored remotely from the user device 102 andretrieved by one or more devices such as the user device 102 and thecomputing device 104. Other information can be represented by theservice element 112.

In an aspect, the computing device 104 can be a server for communicatingwith the user device 102. As an example, the computing device 104 cancommunicate with the user device 102 for providing services. In anaspect, the computing device 104 can allow the user device 102 tointeract with remote resources such as data, devices, and files. As anexample, the computing device can be configured as central location, aheadend, or processing facility, which can receive content (e.g., data,input programming) from multiple sources. The computing device 104 cancombine the content from the various sources and can distribute thecontent to user locations via a distribution system.

In an aspect, the computing device 104 can manage the communicationbetween the user device 102 and a database 114 for sending and receivingdata therebetween. As an example, the database 114 can store a pluralityof files, webpages, user identifiers or records, or other information.As a further example, the user device 102 can request and/or retrieve afile from the database 114. In an aspect, the database 114 can storeinformation relating to the user device 102 such as the address element110 and/or the service element 112. As an example, the computing device104 can obtain the device identifier 108 from the user device 102 andretrieve information from the database 114 such as the address element110 and/or the service elements 112. As a further example, the computingdevice 104 can obtain the address element 110 from the user device 102and can retrieve the service element 112 from the database 114, or viceversa. Any information can be stored in and retrieved from the database114. The database 114 can be disposed remotely from the computing device104 and accessed via direct or indirect connection. The database 114 canbe integrated with the computing system 104 or some other device orsystem.

In an aspect, one or more access points 116 can be in communication withnetwork 105. As an example, one or more of the access points 116 canfacilitate the connection of a device, such as user device 102, to thenetwork 105. As a further example, one or more of the access points 116can be configured as a virtual local area network (VLAN) access point.In an aspect, one or more access points 116 can be configured as part ofa Carrier Ethernet Network.

In an aspect, one or more of the access points 116 can comprise acongestion element 118. As an example, the congestion element 118 can beconfigured to receive/transmit data in packets or Ethernet frames. As afurther example, the congestion element 118 can be configured to analyzethe frames to determine downstream congestion information or transmitframes comprising a congestion indicator. In an aspect, the congestionelement 118 can comprise a traffic conditioning element or functionfacilitates configured to analyze and condition data packets.

In an aspect, DE bits in a service-Tag (S-Tag) of Ethernet frames can beused to indicate congestion end-to-end or on a domain basis. Forexample, when a downstream node is congested, the node can set define acongestion indicator in one or more frames. The one or more framescomprising the congestion indicator can be transmitted to one or moreupstream nodes to indicate congestion. As a further example, thecongestion indicator can be a bit value such as a DE bit set to a valueof “1,” (e.g., DE=1).

In an aspect, when an upstream node receives the one or more frames withDE=1, the upstream node can transmit the received one or more frameswith DE=1 to other upstream nodes without changing the DE bit value. Ifthe upstream node that receives the one or more frames with DE=1 is aboundary node, the boundary node can reduce a data rate for downstreamtransmission and set DE bit to zero in reverse direction. In an aspect,the congestion indicator (e.g., DE bit) can be used to indicatecongestion for port, connection, and/or class of service.

FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary packet or frame structure that can beimplemented as part of the systems and methods of the presentdisclosure. In an aspect, the frame structure can be the same or similarto the standard frame structure defined by IEEE 802.3-2005, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. As an example, the frame structurecan comprise an Interframe Gap, P/SFD (Preamble/Start of FrameDelimiter), TCI (Tag Control Information=VID+CFI/DE+PCP), S-Tag TPID:Service Tag Identifier, C-Tag TPID: Customer Tag Identifier, L/T(Length/Type): Length of frame or data type, user data, FCS (Frame CheckSequence), or Ext: Extension field, or a combination thereof.

FIG. 1C illustrates an exemplary customer tag (C-Tag) TCI format thatcan be implemented as part of the systems and methods of the presentdisclosure. In an aspect, the customer tag format can be the same orsimilar to the standard frame structure defined by IEEE 802.3-2005. Asan example, the customer tag format can comprise priority code point(PCP), canonical format indicator (CFI), or VLAN identifier, or acombination thereof. Other data points can be used.

FIG. 1D illustrates an exemplary service tag (S-Tag) TCI format that canbe implemented as part of the systems and methods of the presentdisclosure. In an aspect, the service tag format can be the same orsimilar to the standard frame structure defined by IEEE 802.3-2005. Asan example, the service tag format can comprise priority code point(PCP), drop/discard eligibility indicator (DEI) such as discardelegibility bit (DE), or VLAN identifier, or tag protocol identifier(TPID), or a combination thereof. Other data points can be used.

In an aspect, DE bits in the service tag format in FIG. 1D can be usedto identify frame colors at an External Network-Network Interface(ENNI), if Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) is not used toidentify colors. As an example, colors can be used to identify thebandwidth profile conformance of a particular of a data packet, such asa service frame. As an example, green can indicate conformance with acommitted rate of the bandwidth profile. As another example, yellow canindicate non-conformance with committed rate, but conformance with anexcess rate of the bandwidth profile. As a further example, red canindicate non-conformance with a committed rate and an excess rate of thebandwidth profile.

In an aspect, priority code point (PCP) can be adequate to representless than eight Class of Services (CoS) and two colors (e.g., Green andYellow). Accordingly, the DE bits in a service tag format of framestructure can be used to indicate congestion end-to-end or on a domainbasis. For example, when a downstream node is congested, the downstreamnode can define the DE bit of the frame structure to “1” and cantransmit the frame structure to one or more upstream devices to indicatethat the downstream node has determined a congested state.

In an exemplary aspect, the methods and systems can be implemented on acomputing system such as computing device 201 as illustrated in FIG. 2and described below. By way of example, one or more of the user device102 and the computing device 104 of FIG. 1 can be a computer asillustrated in FIG. 2. Similarly, the methods and systems disclosed canutilize one or more computers to perform one or more functions in one ormore locations. FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplaryoperating environment for performing the disclosed methods. One skilledin the art will appreciate that this is a functional description andthat the respective functions can be performed in a system by software,hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. This exemplaryoperating environment is only an example of an operating environment andis not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use orfunctionality of operating environment architecture. Neither should theoperating environment be interpreted as having any dependency orrequirement relating to any one or combination of components illustratedin the exemplary operating environment.

The present methods and systems can be operational with numerous othergeneral purpose or special purpose computing system environments orconfigurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments,and/or configurations that can be suitable for use with the systems andmethods comprise, but are not limited to, personal computers, servercomputers, laptop devices, and multiprocessor systems. Additionalexamples comprise set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics,network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computingenvironments that comprise any of the above systems or devices, and thelike.

The processing of the disclosed methods and systems can be performed bysoftware components. The disclosed systems and methods can be describedin the general context of computer-executable instructions, such asprogram modules, being executed by one or more computers or otherdevices. Generally, program modules comprise computer code, routines,programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that performparticular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Thedisclosed methods can also be practiced in grid-based and distributedcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed computing environment, program modules can be located inboth local and remote computer storage media including memory storagedevices.

Further, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the systems andmethods disclosed herein can be implemented via a general-purposecomputing device in the form of a computing device 201. The componentsof the computing device 201 can comprise, but are not limited to, one ormore processors or processing units 203, a system memory 212, and asystem bus 213 that couples various system components including theprocessor 203 to the system memory 212. In the case of multipleprocessing units 203, the system can utilize parallel computing.

The system bus 213 represents one or more of several possible types ofbus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, aperipheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or localbus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, sucharchitectures can comprise an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus,a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, an Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, aVideo Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, an AcceleratedGraphics Port (AGP) bus, and a Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI),a PCI-Express bus, a Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association(PCMCIA), Universal Serial Bus (USB) and the like. The bus 213, and allbuses specified in this description can also be implemented over a wiredor wireless network connection and each of the subsystems, including theprocessor 203, a mass storage device 204, an operating system 205,network software 206, network data 207, a network adapter 208, systemmemory 212, an Input/Output Interface 210, a display adapter 209, adisplay device 211, and a human machine interface 202, can be containedwithin one or more remote computing devices 214 a,b,c at physicallyseparate locations, connected through buses of this form, in effectimplementing a fully distributed system.

The computing device 201 typically comprises a variety of computerreadable media. Exemplary readable media can be any available media thatis accessible by the computing device 201 and comprises, for example andnot meant to be limiting, both volatile and non-volatile media,removable and non-removable media. The system memory 212 comprisescomputer readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as randomaccess memory (RAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read onlymemory (ROM). The system memory 212 typically contains data such asnetwork data 207 and/or program modules such as operating system 205 andnetwork software 206 that are immediately accessible to and/or arepresently operated on by the processing unit 203.

In another aspect, the computing device 201 can also comprise otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media.By way of example, FIG. 2 illustrates a mass storage device 204 whichcan provide non-volatile storage of computer code, computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for thecomputing device 201. For example and not meant to be limiting, a massstorage device 204 can be a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk, aremovable optical disk, magnetic cassettes or other magnetic storagedevices, flash memory cards, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) orother optical storage, random access memories (RAM), read only memories(ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), andthe like.

Optionally, any number of program modules can be stored on the massstorage device 204, including by way of example, an operating system 205and network software 206. Each of the operating system 205 and networksoftware 206 (or some combination thereof) can comprise elements of theprogramming and the network software 206. Network data 207 can also bestored on the mass storage device 204. Network data 207 can be stored inany of one or more databases known in the art. Examples of suchdatabases comprise, DB2®, Microsoft® Access, Microsoft® SQL Server,Oracle®, mySQL, PostgreSQL, and the like. The databases can becentralized or distributed across multiple systems.

In another aspect, the user can enter commands and information into thecomputing device 201 via an input device (not shown). Examples of suchinput devices comprise, but are not limited to, a keyboard, pointingdevice, mouse, microphone, joystick, scanner, tactile input devices suchas gloves, and other body coverings, and the like These and other inputdevices can be connected to the processing unit 203 via a human machineinterface 202 that is coupled to the system bus 213, but can beconnected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallelport, game port, an IEEE 1394 Port (also known as a Firewire port), aserial port, or a universal serial bus (USB).

In yet another aspect, a display device 211 can also be connected to thesystem bus 213 via an interface, such as a display adapter 209. It iscontemplated that the computing device 201 can have more than onedisplay adapter 209 and the computer 201 can have more than one displaydevice 211. For example, a display device can be a monitor, an LCD(Liquid Crystal Display), or a projector. In addition to the displaydevice 211, other output peripheral devices can comprise components suchas speakers (not shown) and a printer (not shown) which can be connectedto the computing device 201 via Input/Output Interface 210. Any stepand/or result of the methods can be output in any form to an outputdevice. Such output can be any form of visual representation, including,but not limited to, textual, graphical, animation, audio, tactile, andthe like. The display 211 and computing device 201 can be part of onedevice, or separate devices.

The computing device 201 can operate in a networked environment usinglogical connections to one or more remote computing devices 214 a,b,c.By way of example, a remote computing device can be a personal computer,portable computer, a smart phone, a server, a router, a networkcomputer, a peer device or other common network node, and so on. Logicalconnections between the computing device 201 and a remote computingdevice 214 a,b,c can be made via a network 215, such as a local areanetwork (LAN) and a general wide area network (WAN). Such networkconnections can be through a network adapter 208. A network adapter 208can be implemented in both wired and wireless environments. Suchnetworking environments are conventional and commonplace in dwellings,offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet.

For purposes of illustration, application programs and other executableprogram components such as the operating system 205 are illustratedherein as discrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programsand components reside at various times in different storage componentsof the computing device 201, and are executed by the data processor(s)of the computer. An implementation of software 206 can be stored on ortransmitted across some form of computer readable media. Any of thedisclosed methods can be performed by computer readable instructionsembodied on computer readable media. Computer readable media can be anyavailable media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of exampleand not meant to be limiting, computer readable media can comprise“computer storage media” and “communications media.” “Computer storagemedia” comprise volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removablemedia implemented in any methods or technology for storage ofinformation such as computer readable instructions, data structures,program modules, or other data. Exemplary computer storage mediacomprises, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory orother memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or otheroptical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which canbe used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by acomputer.

The methods and systems can employ Artificial Intelligence techniquessuch as machine learning and iterative learning. Examples of suchtechniques include, but are not limited to, expert systems, case basedreasoning, Bayesian networks, behavior based AI, neural networks, fuzzysystems, evolutionary computation (e.g. genetic algorithms), swarmintelligence (e.g. ant algorithms), and hybrid intelligent systems (e.g.expert inference rules generated through a neural network or productionrules from statistical learning).

FIGS. 3-4 illustrate an exemplary system and network. In an aspect,plurality of nodes 302 a, 302 b, 302 c, 302 d, 302 e, 302 f can be incommunication with one or more user devices 303 a, 303 b and/or one ormore computing devices 304 a, 304 b. One or more of the nodes 302 a, 302b, 302 c, 302 d, 302 e, 302 f can be a network access point, router,switch, or other communication device. As an example, one or more userdevices 303 can be an electronic device such as a computer, asmartphone, a laptop, a tablet, a set top box, a display device, orother device capable of communicating with one or more of the nodes 302a, 302 b, 302 c, 302 d, 302 e, 302 f of the network. As a furtherexample, one or more computing devices 304 a, 304 b can be a server, agateway, customer premises equipment (CPE), network interface device(NID), optical networking unit (ONU), headend, terminal server, cablemodem terminal system, or other network device. As an example, one ormore of the nodes 302 a, 302 b, 302 c, 302 d, 302 e, 302 f can beconfigured to communicate with another of the nodes 302 a, 302 b, 302 c,302 d, 302 e, 302 f and/or one or more of the computing devices 304 a,304 b via one or more communication paths 306. In an aspect, the one ormore communication paths 306 can comprise one or more uninterruptedcommunication links, sequential links, pre-defined paths or links,and/or intervening nodes Links can comprise a single point-to-pointconnection between two devices or access points. Paths can comprise oneor more links. As an example, one or more of the communication paths 306can comprise one or more of the nodes 302 a, 302 b, 302 c, 302 d, 302 e,302 f. As a further example, one or more of the nodes 302 a, 302 b, 302c, 302 d, 302 e, 302 f can be configured as a mesh network. In anaspect, one or more of the communication paths 306 can be configured totransmit one or more services.

In an aspect, one or more path elements 308 a, 308 b, 308 c, 308 d, 308e, 308 f can comprise information relating to one or more of thecommunication paths 306. One or more path elements 308 a, 308 b, 308 c,308 d, 308 e, 308 f can comprise information relating to congestion,path priority, path cost, capacity, bandwidth, signal strength, latency,error rate, path usage, and the like. As an example, the path element308 a, 308 b, 308 c, 308 d, 308 e, 308 f can be or comprise thecongestion element 118 (FIG. 1A). As a further example, the path element308 a, 308 b, 308 c, 308 d, 308 e, 308 f can be configured to determineand/or generate a congestion indicator 310 such as a value of the DE bitin a received network frame.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, congestion can occur downstream a boundarynode such as node 302 b. As an example, FIG. 3 illustrates congestionoccurring at computing device 304 a. In an aspect, congestioninformation can be determined on a per port basis for a given device(e.g., node). For example, a port of a boundary node can receive a framewith congestion information (e.g., DE=1 due to downstream congestion).Although the port of the boundary node is not congested, a reduction indata rate transmission from the end node port may be required to addressnetwork congestion. As an example, the port receiving the congestioninformation can be set to a congested state in order to trigger acongestion control algorithm. As a further example, the PAUSE flowcontrol defined by IEEE 802.3, hereby incorporated herein by reference,standards can be used as a congestion control algorithm. In an aspect,congestion information can be determined based on various entities suchas on a connection (e.g., Ethernet connection, Ethernet virtualconnection, etc.) basis and/or class of service (CoS) flow basis.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, congestion can occur at a boundary node suchas boundary node 302 b. In an aspect, congestion at node 302 b can occurwhen a buffer associated with the node 302 b exceed a threshold. As anexample, a buffer associated with a port (e.g., access port or networkport) of the node 302 b can exceed a pre-set threshold (T_(B)).Accordingly, the port itself is congested, and the node 302 b canactivate a congestion control algorithm to reduce a data rate in bothdirections for all connections transported on that port. As a furtherexample, the node 302 b can then transmit frames having DE=0.

In an aspect, a buffer associated with a connection (e.g., Ethernetconnection, virtual connection, etc.) of the node 302 b can exceed apre-set threshold (t_(B)). Accordingly, the connection itself iscongested, and the node 302 b can activate a congestion controlalgorithm to reduce a data rate in both directions for the connectiontransported on that port. As a further example, the node 302 b can thentransmit frames having DE=0.

In an aspect, a buffer associated with a class of service of the node302 b can exceed a pre-set threshold (t_(CB)). Accordingly, the class ofservice itself is congested, and the node 302 b can activate acongestion control algorithm to reduce a data rate in one or bothdirections for that specific CoS flow transported on that port. As afurther example, the node 302 b can then transmit frames having DE=0.

In an aspect, when congestion indication is received at a node, thetransmission data rate can be modified in response to the congestioninformation. As an example, the transmission data rate can be configuredbased upon one or more of the following formulas:

$\begin{matrix}{{{{BWEF}^{ASF} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}\;{BWEF}_{n}^{SF}}};{{if}\mspace{14mu}{it}\mspace{14mu}{is}\mspace{14mu}{port}\mspace{14mu}{level}\mspace{14mu}{congestion}}},} & \left( {{EQ}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right)\end{matrix}$

where BWEF^(SF) _(n) represents the effective bandwidth of a serviceflow and BWEF^(ASF) represents effective bandwidth for the aggregatedservice flow of one or more service flows.

In an aspect, if congestion persists after the data rate is configuredby EQ1 or the current rate is already at the effective bandwidth, thenthe congested node can reduce its transmission data rate to

$\begin{matrix}{{{{CIR}^{ASF} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}\;{CIR}_{n}^{SF}}};{{if}\mspace{14mu}{it}\mspace{14mu}{is}\mspace{14mu}{port}\mspace{14mu}{level}\mspace{14mu}{congestion}}},} & \left( {{EQ}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right)\end{matrix}$

where CIR^(SF) _(n) represents the committed information rate of aservice flow, and CIR^(ASF) represents the committed information ratefor the aggregate service flow of one or more service flows.

As an example, one or more nodes can discard (e.g., delete, do nottransmit, etc.) yellow frames first and then green frames to reduceframes in the buffer below threshold T_(B) for port, or t_(B) forconnection or t_(CB) for CoS flow. As a further example, thresholds(T_(B), t_(B), t_(CB)) can be defined such that a buffer size that isdetermined to be below the defined thresholds can trigger a reduction intransmission data rates to an effective bandwidth rate or to a committedinformation rate.

In an aspect, transmitted and received frame counts can be monitored andcorrection can be made to ensure the updated transmission data rates. Asan example, in order to allow statistical multiplexing with agreedpacket loss ratio or frame loss ratio (FLR), effective bandwidth can beused in allocating bandwidth. As a further example, effective bandwidthcan be calculated for each service flow (SF) and a sum of the effectivebandwidths can be assigned to aggregate service flow (ASF).

In an aspect, a service flow can comprise an end-to-end traffic flowdefined by traffic parameters such as average output rate, maximumoutput burst, and the like. As an example, a service flow can comprisean Ethernet virtual connection between user network interfaces (UNI) ofa network. As a further example, a service flow can comprise a group ofpackets/frames flowing in an Ethernet virtual connection between UNIsand belong to an application with a defined class of service. Anaggregate service flow can comprise one or more service flows.

In an aspect, effective bandwidth can be calculated based on one or moreof the following formulas:

$\begin{matrix}{{{{BWEF}^{ASF} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}\;{BWEF}_{n}^{SF}}};}{{instead}\mspace{14mu}{of}}} & \left( {{EQ}\mspace{14mu} 3} \right) \\{{{{Total}\mspace{14mu}{Bandwidth}} = {{CIR}^{ASF} + {EIR}^{ASF}}},{{wher}e}} & \left( {{EQ}\mspace{14mu} 4} \right) \\{{{CIR}^{ASF} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}\;{CIR}_{n}^{SF}}};} & \left( {{EQ}\mspace{14mu} 5} \right) \\{{{EIR}^{ASF} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}\;{EIR}_{n}^{SF}}};} & {\left( {{EQ}\mspace{14mu} 6} \right),}\end{matrix}$

where CIR can be defined as average output rate of the shaper or apolicer for green frames, CBS can be defined as maximum output burst ofthe shaper or a policer for green frames, EIR can be defined as averageoutput rate of the shaper or policer for yellow frames, and EBS can bedefined as maximum output burst of the shaper or policer for yellowframes.

In an aspect, Effective Bandwidth for a given SF can be calculated asBWEF^(SF)=max(CIR,PR/(1+(max(jitter_(A-Z),jitter_(Z-A))*PR)/MBS),where PR=CIR+EIR  (EQ7).

Equation EQ7 can be valid for service flows (or EVCs or CoS) with noloss SLAs (service level agreements). In an aspect, Effective Bandwidthfor a given service flow (or EVCs or CoS) with loss SLAs, can becalculated as:BWEF^(SF)=max(CIR,PR*α)  (EQ8),wherein α=(β−b)+√(β−b)^2+4(CIR/PR)β*b/2β,wherein β=(ln 1/FLR)(MBS/CIR)(1−CIR/PR)PR, and

wherein Jitter_(A-Z) is a delay variation between a pair of packets of agiven connection or flow travelling from end point A of the connectionor flow to the end point Z of the connection or flow. Jitter_(Z-A) isthe delay variation between a pair of packets of a given connection orflow travelling from the end point Z of the connection or flow to theend point A of the connection or flow. PR is the peak rate and can bedefined by a port rate or EIR+CIR for a given connection or flow. FLR isthe frame loss ratio and can be defined by ((the number of framestransmitted minus the number of frames received)/(number of framestransmitted)) in a given connection or flow. MBS is the maximum outputburst of a shaper or policer associated with the PR.

In an aspect, provided are methods for providing services to a userand/or user device. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary method for managinga network. In step 502, congestion information, e.g., a frame with aservice tag can be received at a first node. In an aspect, the servicetag can represent congestion information of at least a portion of thenetwork. As an example, the service tag can comprise discard eligibilitydata representing the congestion information. In an aspect, the discardeligibility data can represent the congestion information. As anexample, the discard eligibility bit having a value of “1” can indicatea congested state of at least a portion of the network. As a furtherexample, the discard eligibility bit having a value of “0” can indicatea non-congested state of at a portion of the network. In an aspect, thecongestion information can represent one or more of port level capacity,connection level capacity, and class of service level capacity.

In step 503, a determination can be made if a node (e.g., the firstnode) is a boundary node.

In step 504, if the first node is a boundary node, a downstream datarate can be modified based upon the congestion information. In anaspect, modifying a downstream data rate can comprise reducing adownstream data rate based upon a congestion control algorithm. As anexample, modifying a downstream data rate can comprise configuring thetransmission data rate of one or more nodes based upon the formulas setforth herein.

In step 506, if the first node is not a boundary node, the congestioninformation can be transmitted to a second node. As an example, thesecond node is upstream of the first node. In an aspect, the congestioninformation can be received at the second node. If the second node is aboundary node, a downstream data rate can be modified based upon thecongestion information. If the second node is not a boundary node,transmitting the congestion information to a third node and the processcan be repeated.

In an aspect, FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method for determiningcongestion information at a node. In step 602, congestion informationcan be determined for at least a portion of a network. In an aspect,determining congestion information can comprise receiving an upstreamcommunication from a downstream device. As an example, determiningcongestion information can comprise comparing a network parameter to athreshold value. As a further example, the network parameter is buffercapacity, effective bandwidth, port level capacity, connection levelcapacity, or class of service level capacity, or a combination thereof.

In step 604, a service tag in one or more packets or frames can be setto represent the congestion information. In an aspect, the service tagcan comprise discard eligibility data representing the congestioninformation. As an example, the discard eligibility data representingthe congestion information can be a binary bit. As another example, thediscard eligibility bit having a value of one can indicate a congestedstate of the at least a portion of the network. As a further example,the discard eligibility bit having a value of zero can indicate anon-congested state of the at least a portion of the network.

In step 606, the one or more frames with the service tag can betransmitted to an upstream device of the network. In an aspect, theupstream device can receive the frames with service tag. As an example,if the upstream device is a boundary node, a downstream data rate can bemodified based upon the congestion information. As a further example, ifthe upstream device is not a boundary node, the congestion informationcan be transmitted to a second upstream device.

In an aspect, FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary method for determining ormodifying an effective bandwidth and/or data rate. In step 702, anindication of network congestion can be received. In an aspect, theindication of network congestion can relate to a service flow. As anexample, a service tag can be provided as the indication of networkcongestion. In an aspect, the service tag can comprise discardeligibility data representing the congestion information. As an example,the discard eligibility data representing the congestion information canbe a binary bit. As another example, the discard eligibility bit havinga value of one can indicate a congested state of the at least a portionof the network. As a further example, the discard eligibility bit havinga value of zero can indicate a non-congested state of the at least aportion of the network. In an aspect, the indication of networkcongestion can represent one or more of port level capacity, connectionlevel capacity, and class of service level capacity.

In step 704, an effective bandwidth can be determined for the serviceflow. In an aspect, the effective bandwidth can be determined based uponthe formulas disclosed herein.

In step 706, a data rate associated with the service flow can bemodified based upon the effective bandwidth determined. In an aspect,modifying the data rate can comprise reducing a data rate based upon acongestion control algorithm. As an example, modifying the data rate cancomprise configuring the transmission data rate of one or more nodesbased upon the formulas set forth herein.

The systems and methods of the present disclosure can maximize networkutilization by regulating traffic between source and destinationautomatically, thereby reducing substantial delays and frame drops.

While the methods and systems have been described in connection withpreferred embodiments and specific examples, it is not intended that thescope be limited to the particular embodiments set forth, as theembodiments herein are intended in all respects to be illustrativerather than restrictive.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that anymethod set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps beperformed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim doesnot actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is nototherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that thesteps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended thatan order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possiblenon-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic withrespect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaningderived from grammatical organization or punctuation; the number or typeof embodiments described in the specification.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made without departing from thescope or spirit. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from consideration of the specification and practice disclosedherein. It is intended that the specification and examples be consideredas exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a message at aboundary node via a first messaging protocol, wherein the message isconfigured for a second messaging protocol, wherein the second messagingprotocol requires that a bit of the message be reserved; determiningthat the reserved bit indicates congestion on a network for a class ofservice; and responsive to the reserved bit indicating congestion,modifying a downstream data rate for the class of service.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the message comprises a service tag comprising thereserved bit.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the messagecomprises receiving the message via a port, and the method furthercomprises setting the port to a congested state.
 4. The method of claim3, wherein modifying the downstream data rate further comprisesimplementing a congestion control algorithm.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein receiving the message comprises receiving the message from adownstream node.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reserved bitcomprises a discard eligibility bit.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereindetermining that the reserved bit indicates congestion on the networkcomprises determining that the reserved bit corresponds to a firststate.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving a secondmessage at the boundary node, wherein the second message comprises asecond reserved bit; and responsive to the second reserved bit being ina second state, determining that the second reserved bit of the secondmessage indicates no congestion.
 9. A method comprising: determiningthat congestion is occurring at a boundary node for a class of service;responsive to determining that congestion is occurring at the boundarynode, modifying a data rate of the data associated with the class ofservice; responsive to determining that congestion is not occurring atthe boundary node, generating a message configured for a secondmessaging protocol, wherein the second messaging protocol requires thata bit of the message be reserved, wherein the reserved bit indicatescongestion for the class of service by corresponding to a state, andtransmitting the message to an upstream node via a first messagingprotocol.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein determining that congestionis occurring at the boundary node comprises determining that a bufferassociated with the boundary node exceeds a predefined threshold. 11.The method of claim 9, wherein determining that congestion is occurringat the boundary node comprises determining that congestion is occurringat the boundary node relative to a port of the boundary node, andwherein modifying the data rate comprises modifying the data rate ofdata transported on the port.
 12. The method of claim 9, whereindetermining that congestion is occurring at the boundary node comprisesdetermining that congestion is occurring at the boundary node relativeto a network connection of the boundary node, and wherein modifying thedata rate comprises modifying the data rate of data transported via thenetwork connection.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the messagecomprises a service tag comprising the reserved bit.
 14. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the reserved bit comprises a discard eligibility bit.15. A method comprising: receiving a message at a node via a firstmessaging protocol, wherein the message is configured for a secondmessaging protocol; wherein the second messaging protocol requires thata bit of the message be reserved; determining that the reserved bitindicates congestion relating to a service flow for a class of serviceon at least a portion of a network; determining an effective bandwidthfor the at least the portion of the network; and modifying, based on theeffective bandwidth, a data rate associated with the service flow forthe class of service in the at least the portion of the network.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the reserved bit comprises a discardeligibility bit.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein determining theeffective bandwidth comprises determining the effective bandwidthrelative to a port of the node.
 18. The method of claim 15, whereindetermining the effective bandwidth comprises determining the effectivebandwidth relative to a network connection.
 19. An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; and a memory storing processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to: receive a message at a boundary node via a firstmessaging protocol, wherein the message is configured for a secondmessaging protocol, wherein the second messaging protocol requires thata bit of the message be reserved; determine that the reserved bitindicates congestion on a network for a class of service; and responsiveto the reserved bit indicating congestion, modify a downstream data ratefor the class of service.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein themessage comprises a service tag comprising the reserved bit.
 21. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the processor executable instructionsthat, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatusto receive the message further comprise processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to receive the message via a port, and further comprisingprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to set the port to a congested state.22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to modify the downstream data rate further compriseprocessor executable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to implement a congestion controlalgorithm.
 23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the processorexecutable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to receive the message further compriseprocessor executable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to receive the message from a downstreamnode.
 24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the reserved bit comprisesa discard eligibility bit.
 25. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein theprocessor executable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to determine that the reserved bitindicates congestion on the network further comprise processorexecutable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to determine that the reserved bitcorresponds to a first state.
 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein theprocessor executable instructions, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, further cause the apparatus to: receive a second message atthe boundary node, wherein the second message comprises a secondreserved bit; and responsive to the second reserved bit being in asecond state, determine that the second reserved bit of the secondmessage indicates no congestion.
 27. An apparatus comprising: one ormore processors; and memory storing processor executable instructionsthat, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatusto: determine if congestion is occurring at a boundary node for a classof service; responsive to determining that congestion is occurring atthe boundary node, modify a data rate of the data associated with theclass of service; responsive to determining that congestion is notoccurring at the boundary node, generate a message configured for asecond messaging protocol, wherein the second messaging protocolrequires that a bit of the message be reserved, wherein the reserved bitindicates congestion for the class of service by corresponding to astate, and transmit the message to an upstream node via a firstmessaging protocol.
 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the processorexecutable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to determine that congestion isoccurring at the boundary node further comprise processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to determine that a buffer associated with the boundarynode exceeds a predefined threshold.
 29. The apparatus of claim 27,wherein the processor executable instructions that, when executed by theone or more processors, cause the apparatus to determine that congestionis occurring at the boundary node further comprise processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to determine that congestion is occurring at the boundarynode relative to a port of the boundary node, and wherein the processorexecutable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to modify the data rate further compriseprocessor executable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to modify the data rate of datatransported on the port.
 30. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein theprocessor executable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to determine that congestion isoccurring at the boundary node further comprise processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to determine that congestion is occurring at the boundarynode relative to a network connection of the boundary node, and whereinthe processor executable instructions that, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the apparatus to modify the data rate furthercomprise processor executable instructions that, when executed by theone or more processors, cause the apparatus to modify the data rate ofdata transported via the network connection.
 31. The apparatus of claim27, wherein the message comprises a service tag comprising the reservedbit.
 32. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the reserved bit comprises adiscard eligibility bit.
 33. An apparatus comprising: one or moreprocessors; and memory storing processor executable instructions that,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:receive a message at a node via a first messaging protocol, wherein themessage is configured for a second messaging protocol, wherein thesecond messaging protocol requires that a bit of the message bereserved; determine that the reserved bit indicates congestion relatingto a service flow for a class of service on at least a portion of anetwork; determine an effective bandwidth for the at least the portionof the network; and modify, based on the effective bandwidth, a datarate associated with the service flow for the class of service in the atleast the portion of the network.
 34. The apparatus of claim 33, whereinthe reserved bit comprises a discard eligibility bit.
 35. The apparatusof claim 33, wherein the processor executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to determinethe effective bandwidth further comprise processor executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe apparatus to determine the effective bandwidth relative to a port ofthe node.
 36. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the processorexecutable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the apparatus to determine the effective bandwidthfurther comprise processor executable instructions that, when executedby the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to determine theeffective bandwidth relative to a network connection.